World Allergy Week, observed globally from 29 June to 5 July this year, shines a spotlight on anaphylaxis, a medical emergency that can turn fatal in minutes if not treated swiftly.
Spearheading the campaign in South Africa, the Allergy Foundation of South Africa (Afsa) and the Allergy Society of South Africa (Allsa) are intensifying public awareness efforts to help save lives.
What is anaphylaxis?
Anaphylaxis is a severe and rapid allergic reaction that can affect multiple body systems. It’s often triggered by exposure to allergens such as food, insect venom, medication, or latex. In South Africa, bee venom is the most frequently reported cause, but food-induced reactions are on the rise. Common food triggers include eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, fish, and milk.
What sets anaphylaxis apart from other allergic reactions is how quickly symptoms can progress. What may start as a rash or itching can quickly spiral into a life-threatening situation.
Recognising the symptoms early
Prompt identification of symptoms is crucial for survival. Anaphylaxis often begins within minutes of exposure and may initially present with mild signs, such as skin redness, itching, or hives. However, it can quickly progress to include difficulty breathing, swelling of the lips or tongue, tightness in the throat, abdominal pain, vomiting, dizziness, a drop in blood pressure, or even loss of consciousness.
Professor Mike Levin, CEO of Afsa and head of Allergology at Red Cross Children’s Hospital, warns that swift escalation is what makes anaphylaxis so dangerous.
“Anaphylaxis doesn’t give you much time. If it’s not treated within minutes, the consequences can be devastating. We need the public to understand that this is not just a severe allergy – this is a life-threatening emergency.”
Professor Mike Levin
He also stresses the importance of community awareness: “Teachers, caregivers, coaches, and community members need to know how to recognise the signs of anaphylaxis and what to do. That’s why education and access to emergency medication are critical parts of this year’s campaign.”
Adrenaline: The lifesaving first response
When anaphylaxis strikes, adrenaline (epinephrine) must be administered immediately. It is the first-line treatment and can prevent the progression of symptoms if used promptly. Auto-injectors, small devices that deliver a pre-measured dose of adrenaline, are recommended for individuals at risk.
Dr Candice Royal, paediatric allergist and medical advisor to Afsa, explains, “Adrenaline should be administered as soon as anaphylaxis is suspected. It can be lifesaving. A second dose may be needed if there’s no improvement within 5 minutes, but the most important step is calling emergency medical services and heading to the nearest hospital right away.”
This highlights the need for both awareness and preparation. Individuals with known allergies should carry auto-injectors and know how to use them, along with those around them.
Prevention through knowledge
Anaphylaxis is preventable in many cases. Knowing what to avoid – and getting properly tested – can make a significant difference. Allergy testing helps identify specific triggers, particularly in patients who may not know the cause of their reactions.
Dr Pieter de Waal, allergist and Allsa member, adds, “Education is key to prevention. We urge patients, caregivers, schools, and healthcare professionals to be allergy-aware – understanding both the causes and the practical steps needed to manage this risk can truly save lives.”
As part of World Allergy Week, Afsa is distributing free educational resources to schools, clinics, and healthcare providers. One such resource is a step-by-step poster on how to use an auto-injector, which can be requested in print or downloaded from the Afsa website.
To build a supportive network, Afsa also runs an online Food Allergy Support Group, open to anyone affected by severe food allergies. Interested individuals can email info@allergyfoundation.co.za to join.
Additionally, Afsa is using social media platforms like TikTok (@dr.randallortel), Instagram (@SAallergy), and Facebook to raise awareness and share lifesaving content.
Where to learn more
For further information, expert resources, or to access educational materials and videos on anaphylaxis, visit:
- Afsa: www.allergyfoundation.co.za
- World Allergy Organisation: www.worldallergyweek.org
- Afsa anaphylaxis info & videos: Anaphylaxis Information
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